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107 lines
3.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
107 lines
3.8 KiB
ReStructuredText
Handling Updates
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================
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Calling :doc:`API methods <invoking>` sequentially is one way to use Pyrogram, but how to react when, for example, a
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new message arrives? This page deals with updates and how to handle such events in Pyrogram.
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.. contents:: Contents
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:backlinks: none
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:depth: 1
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:local:
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-----
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Defining Updates
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----------------
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As hinted already, updates are simply events that happen in your Telegram account (incoming messages, new members join,
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bot button presses, etc.), which are meant to notify you about a new specific state that has changed. These updates are
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handled by registering one or more callback functions in your app using :doc:`Handlers <../api/handlers>`.
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Each handler deals with a specific event and once a matching update arrives from Telegram, your registered callback
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function will be called back by the framework and its body executed.
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Registering a Handler
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---------------------
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To explain how handlers work let's examine the one which will be in charge for handling :class:`~pyrogram.types.Message`
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updates coming from all around your chats. Every other kind of handler shares the same setup logic and you should not
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have troubles settings them up once you learn from this section.
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Using Decorators
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The most elegant way to register a message handler is by using the :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.on_message` decorator:
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.. code-block:: python
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from pyrogram import Client
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app = Client("my_account")
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@app.on_message()
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async def my_handler(client, message):
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await message.forward("me")
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app.run()
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The defined function ``my_handler``, which accepts the two arguments *(client, message)*, will be the function that gets
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executed every time a new message arrives.
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In the last line we see again the :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.run` method, this time used without any argument.
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Its purpose here is simply to automatically :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.start`, keep the Client online so that it can listen
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for updates and :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.stop` it once you hit ``CTRL+C``.
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Synchronous handlers
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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You can also have synchronous handlers; you only need to define the callback function without using ``async def`` and
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call API methods by not placing ``await`` in front of them:
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.. code-block:: python
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@app.on_message()
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def my_handler(client, message):
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message.forward("me")
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.. note::
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You can mix ``def`` and ``async def`` handlers as much as you like, Pyrogram will still work concurrently and
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efficiently regardless of what you choose. However, it is recommended to use Pyrogram in its native, asynchronous
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form at all times, unless you want to write something without the boilerplate or in case you want to combine
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Pyrogram with other libraries that are not async.
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Using add_handler()
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.add_handler` method takes any handler instance that wraps around your defined callback
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function and registers it in your Client. It is useful in case you want to programmatically add handlers.
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.. code-block:: python
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from pyrogram import Client
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from pyrogram.handlers import MessageHandler
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async def my_function(client, message):
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await message.forward("me")
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app = Client("my_account")
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my_handler = MessageHandler(my_function)
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app.add_handler(my_handler)
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app.run()
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The same about synchronous handlers applies for :meth:`~pyrogram.Client.add_handler`:
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.. code-block:: python
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def my_function(client, message):
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message.forward("me")
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.. note::
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From now on, you'll see examples using synchronous code (i.e.: without ``async`` and ``await``, unless when actually
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relevant). This is done to keep snippets concise and more readable. Once you get the idea behind a feature, you can
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easily turn examples asynchronous later on.
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