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309 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
309 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
# Read a Range of Data - LIMIT and OFFSET
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Now you know how to get a single row with `.one()`, `.first()`, and `session.get()`.
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And you also know how to get multiple rows while filtering them using `.where()`.
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Now let's see how to get only a **range of results**.
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<img class="shadow" alt="table with first 3 rows selected" src="/img/tutorial/offset-and-limit/limit.svg">
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## Create Data
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We will continue with the same code as before, but we'll modify it a little the `select_heroes()` function to simplify the example and focus on what we want to achieve here.
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Again, we will create several heroes to have some data to select from:
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```Python hl_lines="4-10"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py[ln:23-41]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py!}
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```
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</details>
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## Review Select All
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This is the code we had to select all the heroes in the `select()` examples:
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```Python hl_lines="3-8"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003.py[ln:36-41]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003.py!}
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```
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</details>
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But this would get us **all** the heroes at the same time, in a database that could have thousands, that could be problematic.
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## Select with Limit
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We currently have 7 heroes in the database. But we could as well have thousands, so let's limit the results to get only the first 3:
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```Python hl_lines="5"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py[ln:44-49]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py!}
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```
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</details>
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The special **select** object we get from `select()` also has a method `.limit()` that we can use to limit the results to a certain number.
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In this case, instead of getting all the 7 rows, we are limiting them to only get the first 3.
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<img class="shadow" alt="table with first 3 rows selected" src="/img/tutorial/offset-and-limit/limit.svg">
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## Run the Program on the Command Line
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If we run it on the command line, it will output:
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<div class="termy">
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```console
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$ python app.py
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// Previous output omitted 🙈
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// Select with LIMIT
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INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
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FROM hero
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LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
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INFO Engine [no key 0.00014s] (3, 0)
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// Print the heroes received, only 3
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[
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Hero(age=None, secret_name='Dive Wilson', id=1, name='Deadpond'),
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Hero(age=None, secret_name='Pedro Parqueador', id=2, name='Spider-Boy'),
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Hero(age=48, secret_name='Tommy Sharp', id=3, name='Rusty-Man')
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]
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```
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</div>
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Great! We got only 3 heroes as we wanted.
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!!! tip
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We will check out that SQL code more in a bit.
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## Select with Offset and Limit
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Now we can limit the results to get only the first 3.
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But imagine we are in a user interface showing the results in batches of 3 heroes at a time.
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!!! tip
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This is commonly called "pagination". Because the user interface would normally show a "page" of a predefined number of heroes at a time.
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And then you can interact with the user interface to get the next page, and so on.
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How do we get the next 3?
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<img class="shadow" alt="table with next rows selected, from 4 to 6" src="/img/tutorial/offset-and-limit/limit2.svg">
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We can use `.offset()`:
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```Python hl_lines="5"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial002.py[ln:44-49]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial002.py!}
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```
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</details>
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The way this works is that the special **select** object we get from `select()` has methods like `.where()`, `.offset()` and `.limit()`.
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Each of those methods applies the change in the internal special select statement object, and also **return the same object**, this way, we can continue using more methods on it, like in the example above that we use both `.offset()` and `.limit()`.
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**Offset** means "skip this many rows", and as we want to skip the ones we already saw, the first three, we use `.offset(3)`.
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## Run the Program with Offset on the Command Line
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Now we can run the program on the command line, and it will output:
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<div class="termy">
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```console
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$python app.py
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// Previous output omitted 🙈
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// Select with LIMIT and OFFSET
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INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
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FROM hero
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LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
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INFO Engine [no key 0.00020s] (3, 3)
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// Print the 3 heroes received, the second batch
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[
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Hero(age=32, secret_name='Natalia Roman-on', id=4, name='Tarantula'),
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Hero(age=35, secret_name='Trevor Challa', id=5, name='Black Lion'),
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Hero(age=36, secret_name='Steve Weird', id=6, name='Dr. Weird')
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]
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```
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</div>
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## Select Next Batch
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Then to get the next batch of 3 rows we would offset all the ones we already saw, the first 6:
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```Python hl_lines="5"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial003.py[ln:44-49]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial003.py!}
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```
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</details>
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The database right now has **only 7 rows**, so this query can only get 1 row.
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<img class="shadow" alt="table with the last row (7th) selected" src="/img/tutorial/offset-and-limit/limit3.svg">
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But don't worry, the database won't throw an error trying to get 3 rows when there's only one (as would happen with a Python list).
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The database knows that we want to **limit** the number of results, but it doesn't necessarily have to find that many results.
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## Run the Program with the Last Batch on the Command Line
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And if we run it in the command line, it will output:
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<div class="termy">
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```console
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$ python app.py
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// Previous output omitted 🙈
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// Select last batch with LIMIT and OFFSET
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INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
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FROM hero
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LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
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INFO Engine [no key 0.00038s] (3, 6)
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// Print last batch of heroes, only one
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[
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Hero(age=93, secret_name='Esteban Rogelios', id=7, name='Captain North America')
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]
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```
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</div>
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## SQL with LIMIT and OFFSET
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You probably noticed the new SQL keywords `LIMIT` and `OFFSET`.
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You can use them in SQL, at the end of the other parts:
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```SQL
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SELECT id, name, secret_name, age
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FROM hero
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LIMIT 3 OFFSET 6
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```
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If you try that in **DB Browser for SQLite**, you will get the same result:
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<img class="shadow" alt="DB Browser for SQLite showing the result of the SQL query" src="/img/tutorial/offset-and-limit/db-browser.png">
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## Combine Limit and Offset with Where
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Of course, you can also combine `.limit()` and `.offset()` with `.where()` and other methods you will learn about later:
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```Python hl_lines="5"
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# Code above omitted 👆
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial004.py[ln:44-49]!}
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# Code below omitted 👇
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```
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<details>
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<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
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```Python
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{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial004.py!}
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```
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</details>
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## Run the Program with Limit and Where on the Command Line
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If we run it on the command line, it will find all the heroes in the database with an age above 32. That would normally be 4 heroes.
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But we are limiting the results to only get the first 3:
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<div class="termy">
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```console
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$ python app.py
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// Previous output omitted 🙈
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// Select with WHERE and LIMIT
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INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
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FROM hero
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WHERE hero.age > ?
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LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
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INFO Engine [no key 0.00022s] (32, 3, 0)
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// Print the heroes received, only 3
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[
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Hero(age=35, secret_name='Trevor Challa', id=5, name='Black Lion'),
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Hero(age=36, secret_name='Steve Weird', id=6, name='Dr. Weird'),
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Hero(age=48, secret_name='Tommy Sharp', id=3, name='Rusty-Man')
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]
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```
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</div>
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## Recap
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Independently of how you filter the data with `.where()` or other methods, you can limit the query to get at maximum some number of results with `.limit()`.
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And the same way, you can skip the first results with `.offset()`.
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